Abstract
The cities of tomorrow literally are being built from the ashes of yesterday. The towering Chicago skyline was brought to you in part by the properties of high-strength concrete, of which recycled fly ash is a key component. Fly ash, a byproduct of coal-burning utilities, wasn`t used out of some altruistic desire to preserve and protect natural resources. It was used because it is a recycled product with characteristics superior to raw materials. Fly ash consists of lightweight particles which flow through utility airstreams and usually are captured with an electrostatic precipitator. Accumulations of ash are knocked free and fall into a hopper, allowing the material to be handled dry and substituted for cement.
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