97/04185 Immobilization of heavy metals in ashes

Abstract

We investigated the association between the individual concentrations of benzene in the breathing zone and the concentrations of benzene in the blood and urine among workers maintaining crude oil cargo tanks. Benzene exposure was measured during three consecutive 12 h work days among 13 tank workers and 9 unexposed referents (catering section). Blood and urine samples were collected pre-shift on the first day, post-shift on the third day, and pre-next shift on the following morning. The workers used half-mask air-purifying respirators, but not all workers used these systematically. The individual geometric mean benzene exposure in the breathing zone of tank workers over 3 days was 0.15 ppm (range 0.01–0.62 ppm). The tank workers’ post-shift geometric mean benzene concentrations were 12.3 nmol/l in blood and 27.0 nmol/l in urine versus 0.7 nmol/l for both blood and urine among the referents. Benzene in the work atmosphere was highly correlated with the internal concentration of benzene both in post-shift blood (r = 0.87, P < 0.001) and post-shift urine (r = 0.90, P < 0.001), indicating that the varying use of respirators did not explain much of the variability in absorbed benzene. The results showed that, despite low benzene exposure in this work atmosphere and the use of personal protective equipment to a varying degree, the tank workers had a significant uptake of benzene that correlated highly with benzene exposure. The internal concentration of benzene was higher than expected considering the measured individual benzene exposure, probably due to an extended work schedule of 12 h and physical strain during tank work. Control measures should be improved for processes, which impose a potential for increased absorption of benzene upon the workers.