Abstract
Opioids are regularly used for persistent pain, offering superior pain relief versus other available agents. However, opioid use is often complicated by central nervous system (CNS) and gastrointestinal adverse events (GIAEs; constipation, abdominal pain/bloating, reflux, and decreased appetite). While CNS effects are well documented and lessen with continued opioid use, the incidence/impact of GIAEs are less well understood and some persist throughout treatment. Data on AEs associated with opioid use were collected as part of a National Health and Wellness Survey in 2004.
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