Abstract
Historically, mitral stenosis (MS) was commonly seen in patients with rheumatic valve disease, but a growing number of patients are presenting with calcific MS or stenosis secondary to mitral valve procedures such as percutaneous clips or surgical repair or replacement. Complications of MS include increased left atrial (LA) size, LA arrhythmias, and systemic embolic events believed to originate from the left atrium. Secondary to the increased pressures in the left atrium, patients may develop pulmonary edema and pulmonary hypertension, which can result in right ventricular enlargement or failure and tricuspid regurgitation. Pregnancy with MS requires close monitoring because it can have a significant impact of maternal and fetal health. Whether the cause is secondary to rheumatic fever or degenerative calcification, other valves should be assessed for involvement. Last, the success of percutaneous mitral valvotomy or valve repair surgery is affected by the cause of the stenosis.
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