Abstract
BackgroundNorovirus (NV) gastroenteritis has been identified as a cause of significant morbidity among hematopoietic stem cell transplant (HSCT) recipients, often with associated complications. Current guidelines recommend symptomatic relief with antimotility agents, rehydration, and reduction in immune suppression. Nitazoxanide (NTZ) is an anti-parasitic agent but some literature suggests a benefit of nitazoxanide therapy for NV. MethodsWe conducted a single center, retrospective chart review study and evaluated adult patients (age >18 years) who had NV infection and either: 1) underwent stem cell transplantation; or 2) received myeloablative chemotherapy within 4 weeks of NV diagnosis by positive test on gastrointestinal pathogen panel during the time period from January 2015 through March 2020. Results26 patients were reviewed. 14 patients (54%) had a history of HCST prior to infection. Three patients (12%) received both myeloablative chemotherapy and HSCT within four weeks of NV infection. Six patients (46%) had autologous, six (46%) had matched unrelated donor, and one (8%) had haploidentical allogeneic transplants. Nine (69%), three (23%), and one (8%) underwent myeloablative, reduced intensity and non-myeloablative conditioning, respectively. Median duration of diarrhea was 4.5 days (IQR = 2.25-7 days). Three (12%) patients received NTZ or intravenous immune globulin. The 6 month mortality was 42% (11/26), however, none of the deaths were directly attributable to NV infection.ConclusionNV infection led to severe diarrheal disease in our cohort. Overall mortality was high, and a trend toward increased mortality was seen among patients receiving NV-directed therapy; these patients likely received NV-directed therapy due to the severity of their illness. Clinicians must have a high suspicion for this illness and obtain PCR testing for timely diagnosis and management.Table 1. Characteristics of patients with hematologic malignancies and norovirus infection Disclosures All Authors: No reported disclosures
Highlights
Solid organ transplant recipients (SOTR) have lower humoral responses following SARS-CoV-2 vaccination
The vaccine administration date was known for 26 SOTR among whom symptoms occurred a median of 26.5 days (IQR 21.75 days, range 5-79 days) after completing the COVID-19 vaccine series
SARS-CoV-2 infections after vaccination are occurring in SOTR, including cases of critical illness, suggesting reduced vaccine effectiveness within this vulnerable population
Summary
Solid organ transplant recipients (SOTR) have lower humoral responses following SARS-CoV-2 vaccination. We used the IDSA Emerging Infections Network (EIN) to identify SARS-CoV-2 cases in vaccinated SOTR. We describe their clinical characteristics and outcomes. Immunosuppressive therapy (IT) is utilized in this population to minimize risk of allograft rejection, which increases infection risk of atypical pathogens that can complicate the infection-related diagnostic journey. The purpose of this analysis was to evaluate baseline clinical characteristics and microbiological testing utilization patterns among a cohort of patients with a history of SOT and IT. We sought to evaluate recurrence of nocardiosis in solid organ transplant recipients, evaluating the role of post-treatment prophylaxis
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