Abstract

The efficacy of immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) in neuroendocrine neoplasms (NEN) has not been fully explored, but recent clinical trials showed the effectiveness of ICIs in high-grade NEN. Despite the importance of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TIL) and PD-L1 expression to ICI treatment outcomes, a comprehensive assessment of these biomarkers has not yet been conducted in NEN. We investigated PD-L1 expression and TIL distributions in NENs using an artificial intelligence (AI)-powered analyzer.

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