Abstract
Publisher Summary Laboratory methods for the synthesis of carboxylic acids are oxidation, oxidation-reduction reactions, carbonation of organometallics, condensation reactions, and hydrolysis reactions. This chapter discusses the haloform reaction that is used for the oxidation of aliphatic methyl ketones or of methyl carbinols to carboxylic acids. The reaction is also applicable to aromatic methyl ketones and aryl methyl carbinols obtained by Friedel–Crafts reaction and by Grignard reaction, respectively. Oxidation-reduction reactions such as Cannizzaro reactions are useful for the conversion of aldehydes lacking an α-hydrogen atom to a mixture of the acid and alcohol. The chapter presents carbonation of Grignard reagent and hydrolysis of the magnesium halide derivative as one of the most applicable laboratory methods for the preparation of carboxylic acids. Carbonation of aryl or alkyl lithium compounds also affords carboxylic acids in good yields. The hydrolysis of nitriles in the aliphatic or aromatic series yields carboxylic acid. This method is useful for conversion of primary aliphatic nitriles and aromatic nitriles to the carboxyl derivative. Because the nitriles are prepared from primary halides, the hydrolysis of nitriles represents another method of converting readily accessible organic raw materials to carboxylic acids.
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