Abstract
Both acute and chronic ingestion of 2S-hesperidin have shown antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects in animal studies, but so far, no one has studied this effect of chronic ingestion in humans. The main objective was to evaluate whether an 8-week intake of 2S-hesperidin had the ability to modulate antioxidant-oxidant and inflammatory status in amateur cyclists. A parallel, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial study was carried out with two groups (500 mg/d 2S-hesperidin; n = 20 and 500 mg/d placebo; n = 20). An incremental test was performed to determine the working zones in a rectangular test, which was used to analyze for changes in antioxidant and inflammatory biomarkers. After 2S-hesperidin ingestion, we found in the rectangular test: (1) an increase in superoxide dismutase (SOD) after the exercise phase until exhaustion (p = 0.045) and the acute recovery phase (p = 0.004), (2) a decrease in the area under the oxidized glutathione curve (GSSG) (p = 0.016), and (3) a decrease in monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 (MCP1) after the acute recovery phase (p = 0.004), post-intervention. Chronic 2S-hesperidin supplementation increased endogenous antioxidant capacity (↑SOD) after maximal effort and decreased oxidative stress (↓AUC-GSSG) during the rectangular test, decreasing inflammation (↓MCP1) after the acute recovery phase.
Highlights
Flavonoids are bioactive substances found mainly in fruits and vegetables, with more than 15,000 molecules identified within this family [1]
A significant increase in superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity was found for the 2S-hesperidin group in post-PMAX (15.5%) and post-REC (16.3%), while the placebo showed a significant increase in SOD at baseline (18.1%), intragroup pre-post-intervention (Figure 2)
After the analysis of the AUC intragroup, there was a decrease in GSSG (−14.6%) only in 2S-hesperidin, without differences between groups (Figure 3)
Summary
Flavonoids are bioactive substances found mainly in fruits and vegetables, with more than 15,000 molecules identified within this family [1]. One of the most wellknown is hesperidin, which is a flavonoid present at high concentrations in citrus fruits, being the main one in sweet orange (Citrus sinensis). Previous studies have shown the positive effects of hesperidin on some diseases (neurological, cardiovascular, insulin sensitization) due to its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties [4,5]. The intake of hesperidin (in orange juice) has been shown to modulate leukocyte gene expression, boosting its antioxidant and inflammatory profile, and showing a nutrigenomic effect [6]. It should be noted that there are other important factors that can modulate the effect of flavonoids like hesperidin, such as intestinal flora transformations, absorption and bioavailability [8]
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