Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are continuously produced in living cells due to metabolic and biochemical reactions and due to exposure to physical, chemical and biological agents. Excessive ROS cause oxidative stress and lead to oxidative DNA damage. Within ROS-mediated DNA lesions, 8-oxoguanine (8-oxoG) and its nucleotide 8-oxo-2′-deoxyguanosine (8-oxodG)—the guanine and deoxyguanosine oxidation products, respectively, are regarded as the most significant biomarkers for oxidative DNA damage. The quantification of 8-oxoG and 8-oxodG in urine, blood, tissue and saliva is essential, being employed to determine the overall effects of oxidative stress and to assess the risk, diagnose, and evaluate the treatment of autoimmune, inflammatory, neurodegenerative and cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, cancer and other age-related diseases. High-performance liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection (HPLC–ECD) is largely employed for 8-oxoG and 8-oxodG determination in biological samples due to its high selectivity and sensitivity, down to the femtomolar range. This review seeks to provide an exhaustive analysis of the most recent reports on the HPLC–ECD determination of 8-oxoG and 8-oxodG in cellular DNA and body fluids, which is relevant for health research.
Highlights
University of Coimbra, Centre for Mechanical Engineering, Materials and Processes (CEMMPRE), Instituto Pedro Nunes (IPN), 3030-199 Coimbra, Portugal
The cellular defence system against 8-oxoG within a DNA strand involves the base excision repair (BER) that corrects small base lesions [11]; it begins with the oxoguanine glycosylase 1 (OGG1) that identifies and eliminates 8-oxoG, which is excreted in urine; see Scheme 2 [2]
This review seeks to provide an exhaustive analysis of the most recent advances on the determination of 8-oxoG and 8-oxo-20 -deoxyguanosine (8-oxodG) biomarkers in cellular DNA and body fluids using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC)–electrochemical detection (ECD), which is relevant for health research
Summary
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are produced endogenously due to cellular metabolism or exogenously due to exposure to physical, chemical, or biological agents such as γ, X-ray and UV radiation, tobacco smoking, pollutants, toxins, xenobiotics, and bacterial and viral pathogens; see Scheme 1. The cellular defence system against 8-oxoG within a DNA strand involves the base excision repair (BER) that corrects small base lesions [11]; it begins with the oxoguanine glycosylase 1 (OGG1) that identifies and eliminates 8-oxoG, which is excreted in urine; see Scheme 2 [2]. The urinary excretion of 8-oxoG and 8-oxodG from damaged DNA and the nucleotide pool reflects the equilibrium between in vivo oxidative DNA damage and the efficiency of the cellular repair processes. The possibility of quantifying 8-oxoG and/or 8-oxodG in urine, blood, tissue and saliva has received a growing interest; both 8-oxoG and/or 8-oxodG are regarded as the most significant biomarkers for oxidative DNA damage, being used to determine the body oxidative stress and to evaluate the risk, diagnose, and predict the treatment impact of various diseases. This review seeks to provide an exhaustive analysis of the most recent advances on the determination of 8-oxoG and 8-oxodG biomarkers in cellular DNA and body fluids (urine, blood serum and saliva) using HPLC–ECD, which is relevant for health research
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