Abstract
8-Hydroxydaidzein (8-OHD, 7,8,4′-trihydoxyisoflavone) is a hydroxylated derivative of daidzein isolated from fermented soybean products. The aim of this study is to investigate the anti-proliferative effects and the underlying mechanisms of 8-OHD in K562 human chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) cells. We found that 8-OHD induced reactive oxygen species (ROS) overproduction and cell cycle arrest at the S phase by upregulating p21Cip1 and downregulating cyclin D2 (CCND2) and cyclin-dependent kinase 6 (CDK6) expression. 8-OHD also induced autophagy, caspase-7-dependent apoptosis, and the degradation of BCR-ABL oncoprotein. 8-OHD promoted Early Growth Response 1 (EGR1)-mediated megakaryocytic differentiation as an increased expression of marker genes, CD61 and CD42b, and the formation of multi-lobulated nuclei in enlarged K562 cells. A microarray-based transcriptome analysis revealed a total of 3174 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) after 8-OHD (100 μM) treatment for 48 h. Bioinformatics analysis of DEGs showed that hemopoiesis, cell cycle regulation, nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB), and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and Janus kinase/signal transducers and activators of transcription (JAK-STAT)-mediated apoptosis/anti-apoptosis networks were significantly regulated by 8-OHD. Western blot analysis confirmed that 8-OHD significantly induced the activation of MAPK and NF-κB signaling pathways, both of which may be responsible, at least in part, for the stimulation of apoptosis, autophagy, and differentiation in K562 cells. This is the first report on the anti-CML effects of 8-OHD and the combination of experimental and in silico analyses could provide a better understanding for the development of 8-OHD on CML therapy.
Highlights
Chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) is a hematopoietic disease characterized by the expression of the BCR-ABL fusion oncoprotein, which is caused by a reciprocal translocation between chromosomes 9 and 22 [t(9;22)(q34;q11)] [1]
Since the BCR-ABL protein plays a crucial role in the pathogenesis of chronic myeloid leukemia (CML), its degradation is a new strategy for overcoming the problem of tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) resistance [5,6]
We evaluated the anti-CML effects of 8-OHD with a focus on cell cycle arrest, apoptosis, autophagy, differentiation, and BCR-ABL levels in K562 cells, which is a model cell line derived from a female CML patient in blast crisis [26]
Summary
Chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) is a hematopoietic disease characterized by the expression of the BCR-ABL fusion oncoprotein, which is caused by a reciprocal translocation between chromosomes 9 and 22 [t(9;22)(q34;q11)] [1]. BCR-ABL fusion protein exerts a deregulated tyrosine kinase activity that activates proliferative and anti-apoptotic signaling pathways and leads to the malignant expansion of pluripotent stem cells in bone marrow [2]. CML by blocking the kinase domain of the BCR-ABL oncoprotein. Since the BCR-ABL protein plays a crucial role in the pathogenesis of CML, its degradation is a new strategy for overcoming the problem of TKI resistance [5,6]. Platinum pyrithione and xanthohumol downregulate BCR-ABL level through caspase-mediated degradation [12,13]
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