Abstract
In the process of assisting pain patients’ emotional and lifestyle problems, we noted men who after taking opioid medication became emotionally, verbally and physically defensive in ways indicative of low testosterone. As the assessments were based on clinical judgment, we investigated the relationship of opioids to low testosterone, hostility and anger. Chronic pain patients (CPPs) on at least 15 mg/day of methadone therapy for more than three months (G-2) were compared to CPPs on no opioids (G-1).
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