Abstract
This chapter focuses on one particular aspect of biological influences, the role of gonadal hormones, particularly androgens and estrogens, in the development of human behaviors and human brain structures that show sex differences. Gonadal hormones have powerful influences on sexual differentiation of brain and behavior in a wide range of mammals. This raises the question of whether sex differences in human behavior could result in part from similar hormonal influences. Human behavioral sex differences are currently understood to result from a combination of social, cultural, cognitive, and biological mechanisms. The overview of animal models, information about human situations involving hormonal abnormalities are described, as will the human behaviors that show sex differences and would, therefore, be hypothesized to be influenced by gonadal hormones. Further data on sexually differentiated behaviors in humans with hormone abnormalities are also discussed.
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