Abstract
This chapter provides an overview of the achieved state of the art of FTLs (or Flash Translation Layer). As a reminder, an FTL is a hardware/software layer located in the controller of the storage device that makes use of flash memory such as SSDs, USB keys or SD cards. After a short introduction, we will address the following points:1)Basic mapping schemes from which the totality of FTLs are built.2)More complex state-of-the-art mapping schemes making it possible to address important concepts related to the performance of these systems.3)Wear-leveling mechanisms that allow balancing the wear out on flash memory blocks.4)Garbage collection mechanisms providing a means for recycling invalid space;5)Cache systems specific to flash memory designed to maximize the lifetime as well as the performance of flash devices.
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