Abstract
The historic approach in both aviation and surgery focused on acquiring knowledge and technical skills exclusively, as these attributes were considered sufficient to ensure safe outcomes. Several accidents in aviation tragically demonstrated that these skills alone did not provide enough protection in the complex environment of the flight deck. Cognitive and social skills, called nontechnical behaviors, are behaviors applicable to both the flight deck and the operating room that are needed to reduce errors and adverse outcomes. Nontechnical skills training is now firmly embedded in global pilot training and has greatly contributed to the high safety standards of the world’s airlines.
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