Abstract
Considered the gold standard in the treatment of photodamaged skin, tretinoin (retinoic acid) is thought to restore collagen in sun-damaged skin through the induction of pro-collagen I and suppression of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) which degrade collagen, particularly MMP1, MMP3, and MMP9. The clinical efficacy of tretinoin therapy, however, is often limited by local adverse effects, such as burning, itching, or peeling. Cosmeceutical formulations containing precursors of tretinoin have been marketed to provide similar efficacy as tretinoin while minimizing toxicity.
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