Abstract

Immunotherapies, in particular immune check point inhibitors (ICI), have proven to be game changing treatments of mucosal head and neck squamous cell cancer (HNSCC). Emerging successes with anti-PD-1/PD-L1 ICI therapy have lead to durable responses and prolonged survival in human papillomavirus positive (HPV+) and negative (HPV-) patients, and there is now an urgent need for predictive biomarkers to guide patient selection for highly targeted ICI therapies. There are currently no means by which to determine whether a patient would respond to anti PD-1/PD-L1 immunotherapy.

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