Abstract
Hydrothermal liquefaction (HTL) has been investigated for several decades as a means to convert a wide range of biomasses and residues efficiently and with high yield into biofuel intermediates. As a wet processing technology, HTL is generally carried out in aqueous media of at least 50%–60% water making it very suitable for most natural biomasses and organic residues (Vardon et al. [1]; Karagöz et al. [2]; Biller and Ross [3]; Anastasakis and Ross [4]). Processed at temperatures around 280–370°C, even up to approximately 400°C, and pressures between 10 and 30MPa, the original biomass breaks down into a bio-crude phase (typically the main and desired product), an aqueous phase with water-soluble organics, and minor fractions of solid residue and gas. The yield and composition of these products depends not only on reactor type, process conditions, and product workup but also to a very large extent on the biochemical composition of the biomass.
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