Abstract
Remote farms in Africa are cultivated lands planned for 100% sustainable energy and organic agriculture in the future. This paper presents the load frequency control of a two-area power system feeding those farms. The power system is supplied by renewable technologies and storage facilities only which are photovoltaics, biogas, biodiesel, solar thermal, battery storage and flywheel storage systems. Each of those facilities has 150-kW capacity. This paper presents a model for each renewable energy technology and energy storage facility. The frequency is controlled by using a novel non-linear fractional order proportional integral derivative control scheme (NFOPID). The novel scheme is compared to a non-linear PID controller (NPID), fractional order PID controller (FOPID), and conventional PID. The effect of the different degradation factors related to the communication infrastructure, such as the time delay and packet loss, are modeled and simulated to assess the controlled system performance. A new cost function is presented in this research. The four controllers are tuned by novel poor and rich optimization (PRO) algorithm at different operating conditions. PRO controller design is compared to other state of the art techniques in this paper. The results show that the PRO design for a novel NFOPID controller has a promising future in load frequency control considering communication delays and packet loss. The simulation and optimization are applied on MATLAB/SIMULINK 2017a environment.
Highlights
Developing countries worldwide are planning to face climate change through increasing the penetration level of organic agriculture and sustainable energy
The results prove that the NFOPID drives the system to better performance than other control schemes
The paper presented a comparison between four different types of controllers on the system, which are NFOPID, PID, fractional order PID controller (FOPID), and non-linear PID controller (NPID)
Summary
Developing countries worldwide are planning to face climate change through increasing the penetration level of organic agriculture and sustainable energy. The frequency control of the microgrids especially those with high penetration level of renewables is very important in terms of security and reliability [2]. In [16], a frequency control technique was presented in a 100% sustainable energy marine microgrid. The research depends on the injection of power from tidal energy through non-linear fractional integrator supplementary control to regulate the frequency deviation at zero for different operating conditions. In [8], a single area microgrid model, which includes photovoltaics, biogas and biodiesel generating systems, was presented. Many researchers tracked different optimization techniques in load frequency control aiming for better performance as with the genetic algorithm [14].
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