Abstract
This chapter discusses concepts related to frequency stability and the performance of various high-stability oscillators. There are two ways of looking at frequency stability— in the frequency domain and in the time domain. Spectral measurements tell the behavior of phase (or frequency) fluctuations of an oscillator. The spectral density of phase fluctuations can be visualized as the result of looking with a spectrum analyzer at the output from a perfect phase detector. The spectral density of frequency fluctuations is the result of analyzing the output from a perfect frequency discriminator. Spectral densities give the best clues about the inside workings of an oscillator because it is possible to relate the spectral behavior with noise processes in various parts of the oscillator, leading to certain models for the behavior of the oscillator. From these, it is possible to often find physical processes that cause the noise. Frequency-domain and time-domain measures of frequency stability and their relationship are explored in the chapter. Spectral-density models are analyzed, and phase and time prediction is elaborated. Normalized phase departure versus observation time for various frequency standards is also illustrated.
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