Abstract
During the Song dynasty, a number of new forms of Daoist ritual practice began to gain popularity. The orientation of the rituals found in these sources is primarily apotropaic; exorcism, healing, rainmaking, and the subjugation of demonic forces and licentious cults in particular are common concerns found in the ritual texts of these different movements. The use of pseudo-Sanskrit incantations in thunder rites is probably the most readily observable indication of esoteric influence. Along with the usage of Sanskrit and pseudo-Sanskrit incantations, several specific deities of Buddhist origin were incorporated into the pantheon of supernatural beings addressed through these Daoist ritual practices. This chapter discusses some examples of such incorporation. Daoist ritualists incorporated a considerable number of elements from esoteric Buddhist traditions in forming these new styles of Daoist ritual that emerged during the Song dynasty. Keywords: Daoist ritual practices; esoteric Buddhist traditions; Song dynasty
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