Abstract
‘Collective and communal violence’ focuses on collective violence, which involves the mob or groups of people that are part of a specific organization. There are different kinds of collective violence which have existed throughout history, such as riots and large-scale revolts. We also see long traditions of food riots and tax revolts brought about by the fear of starvation in Europe, China, and India over the centuries. We can distinguish between spontaneous collective action from prolonged, large-scale collective action. A spontaneous collective action is an event where people react to what they see as an injustice, while a prolonged, large-scale collective action requires an organization to take the lead.
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