Abstract
Several metabolomics of polymeric flavan-3-ols have reported that proanthocyanidins are extensively metabolized by gut microbiota. 5-(3′,4′-dihydroxyphenyl)-γ-valerolactone (DHPV) has been reported to be the major microbial metabolite of proanthocyanidins. We demonstrated that DHPV has stronger prevention effect on tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α-stimulated adhesion of THP-1 human monocytic cells to human umbilical vein endothelial cells compared to its potential precursors such as procyanidin A1, A2, B1 and B2, (+)catechin, (−)epicatechin and its microbial metabolites such as 3-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)propionic acid and 2-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)acetic acid. Mechanism study showed that DHPV prevents THP-1 monocyte-endothelial cell adhesion by downregulating TNF-α-stimulated expressions of the two biomarkers of atherosclerosis such as vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 and monocyte chemotactic protein-1, activation of nuclear factor kappa B transcription and phosphorylation of I kappa-B kinase and IκBα. We suggested that DHPV has higher potentiality in prevention of atherosclerosis among the proanthocyanidin metabolites.
Highlights
Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are one of the major causes of death globally, which are mostly associated with the development of atherosclerosis
A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials conducted by Hooper et al (2008) showed that the consumption of flavonoid-rich foods such as chocolate, cocoa and black tea strongly correlates with a reduced risk of CVDs [5]
Despite promising findings in clinical studies, it remains unclear which bioavailable compounds derived from flavan-3-ols exert the most potent preventive effects against CVDs
Summary
Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are one of the major causes of death globally, which are mostly associated with the development of atherosclerosis. Atherosclerosis is a chronic inflammatory disease which involves the recruitment and accumulation of macrophages for the development of plaques [1]. A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials conducted by Hooper et al (2008) showed that the consumption of flavonoid-rich foods such as chocolate, cocoa and black tea strongly correlates with a reduced risk of CVDs [5]. These specific foods are known to be a source rich in flavan-3-ols comprised of monomeric and polymeric compounds [5]. Despite promising findings in clinical studies, it remains unclear which bioavailable compounds derived from flavan-3-ols exert the most potent preventive effects against CVDs
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