Abstract
The 4th Summer School in Immuno-Oncology was held from July 1st-July 3rd as a web meeting. Many eminent researchers and leading oncologists from Europe and the USA working on basic, translational and clinical cancer research participated, presented, and discussed the most recent advances in cancer immunology and immunotherapy. Besides sharing the newest information in the field of cancer immunology and immunotherapy, the meeting also focused on the actual translation of new knowledge acquired in the lab to the clinical setting; particular emphasis was given to the mode of action of novel therapeutic modalities and to biomarkers helpful for treatment decision-making, as well as to means that may improve cancer immunotherapeutic protocols used for the treatment of a variety of malignancies. The main topics presented by the speakers included: (1) mechanisms of tumor immune evasion and resistance; (2) host-tumor interactions and means to regulate antitumor immunity; (3) exploitation of new biomarkers and tumor or immune signatures able to potentially guide therapeutic interventions; (4) emerging therapeutic modalities for cancer treatment and specific immunotherapeutics for thoracic, genito-urinary, gastrointestinal, skin and breast cancers; and (5) innovative treatment options and alternatives to minimize the toxic adverse events of cancer immunotherapy.
Highlights
Cancer cells have the ability to express inhibitory immune checkpoint molecules (ICMs), suppressing the immune system, allowing cancer cell evasion from immune surveillance
We are moving towards a new era of cancer immunotherapy, where advanced technologies and targeted therapies, along with prognostic and predictive biomarkers, will eventually bring more personalized therapeutic alternatives for patients with cancer
Materials: We present two patients with locally far advanced inoperable SqCC, from an ongoing study trying to investigate the role of cemiplimab and the timesequence of radiotherapy vs. immunotherapy in the treatment of this aggressive disease
Summary
Cancer cells have the ability to express inhibitory immune checkpoint molecules (ICMs), suppressing the immune system, allowing cancer cell evasion from immune surveillance. An important inhibitory ICM is the PD-L1 (programmed death ligand 1) that binds to the PD-1 receptor of cytotoxic T cells leading to their inactivation and blockage of their anti-tumor activity. Materials: We present two patients with locally far advanced inoperable SqCC, from an ongoing study trying to investigate the role of cemiplimab and the timesequence of radiotherapy vs immunotherapy in the treatment of this aggressive disease. Cytotoxic T-cells recognize foreign-antigens expressed by cancer cells through MHC/HLA-class-I molecules. These present foreign peptides that are recognized by specific T-cell membrane receptors (TCRs). Loss of HLA-class-I expression is an important mechanism used by cancer cells to evade immune surveillance. Materials: The estrogen receptor (ER) dependent/HER2 negative (MCF7 and T47D), the HER2 positive (BT474 and SKBR3), and the triple negative (MDAMB231 and HCC180) cell lines were treated as followed: (i) co-cultured with fibroblasts for 72 h, (ii) exposed to hypoxia (1% O2) for 48 h, and (iii) exposed to acidosis (pH 6.2) for 24 h
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