Abstract
Origami structures have attracted attention in biomedical applications due to their ability to develop surgical tools that can be expanded from a minimal volume to a larger and functional device. On the other hand, four-dimensional (4D) printing is an emerging technology, which involves 3D printing of smart materials that can respond to external stimuli such as heat. This short communication introduces the proof of concept of merging origami and 4D printing technologies to develop minimally invasive delivery of functional biomedical scaffolds with high shape recovery. The shape-memory effect (SME) of the PLA filament and the origami designs were also assessed in terms of deformability and recovery rate. The results showed that herringbone tessellation origami structure combined with internal natural cancellous bone core satisfies the design requirement of foldable scaffolds. The substantial and consistent SME of the 4D printed herringbone tessellation origami, which exhibited 96% recovery compared to 61% for PLA filament, was the most significant discovery of this paper. The experiments demonstrated how the use of 4D printing in situ with origami structures could achieve reliable and repeatable results, therefore conclusively proving how 4D printing of origami structures can be applied to biomedical scaffolds.
Highlights
Bone is a complex structure that is made up of several constitutes such as fibres, cells, and minerals
The shape-memory effect of polylactic acid (PLA) polymers is often restricted to minor deformations since breaks occur when programming PLA with more than 10% deformation. This limits the potential for using PLA in minimally invasive surgeries [39]. This communication introduces a design and manufacturing approach to develop deployable scaffolds using 4D printing of shape-memory polymer (SMP) that will be inserted into a cavity in the body through minimally invasive surgery
It has full clearance to be used as a material for medical implants by both the European Medical Agency (EMA) and the Federal Drug Administration (FDA)
Summary
Bone is a complex structure that is made up of several constitutes such as fibres, cells, and minerals. The vat polymerisation (VP) technique uses UV to initiate the cross-linking of a layer of photosensitive resin to cure it into a solid polymer Afterwards, another layer of the polymer is deposited and cured onto the past layers until the part is completed. Four-dimensional printing offers several benefits, such as the ability to produce smart products from smart material, change of product geometry when required, and adding innovation in the design and development stage [36] These benefits enabled the penetration of this technology to broad applications in engineering, dentistry, medicine„ and material sciences. This limits the potential for using PLA in minimally invasive surgeries [39] This communication introduces a design and manufacturing approach to develop deployable scaffolds using 4D printing of shape-memory polymer (SMP) that will be inserted into a cavity in the body through minimally invasive surgery. The primary focus of this paper was not on the biomedical interaction between cells and the scaffold but was instead on achieving the benefit of SMP and smart structures in tissue engineering and to introduce the proof of concept of deployable biomedical scaffolds using origami structures
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