Abstract
4D-printed materials are an emerging field of research because the physical structure of these novel materials respond to environmental changes. 3D printing techniques have been employed to print a base material with shape memory properties. Geometrical deformations can be observed once an external stimulus triggers the shape memory effect (SME) integrated into the material. The plasticizing effect is a well-known phenomenon where the microscopic polymer chain movements have been altered and reflected in different shape memory behaviour. It has been suggested that a 4D material with localized actuation behaviour can be fabricated by utilizing functionally graded layers made from different degrees of plasticizing. This study demonstrated that a novel 4D material can be fabricated from material extraction continuous printing technique with different loadings of poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) plasticize, achieving localized thermal recovery. The results indicate that a plasticized functional layer is an effective technique for creating next generation 4D materials.
Highlights
4D-printed materials are an emerging field of research because the physical structure of these novel materials respond to environmental changes. 3D printing techniques have been employed to print a base material with shape memory properties
With an increasing poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) content, the sharp edges begin to smoothen as the mechanical ductility of the material improves[55,56]
The thermal recovery behaviour observed in this study demonstrated that the transitional shape can be implemented in a 4D-printed structure by utilizing the temperature-dependent properties of the functionally graded (FG) plasticized layer, which widens the possible industrial applications of 4D materials
Summary
4D-printed materials are an emerging field of research because the physical structure of these novel materials respond to environmental changes. 3D printing techniques have been employed to print a base material with shape memory properties. These include (1) a proper 3D printing facility/platform with a pre-determined printing path, (2) a suitable smart or stimulus-responsive material, (3) an external stimulus for activation, and (4) a known activation/interaction mechanism, such as a shape memory effect (SME)[24]. These building blocks are interconnected such that they function together to create an effective 4D material. SLA printers directly cure liquid polymer resin and can be used in 4D printing applications[16,41]
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