402 Awardee Talk: Stress-Induced Dna Methylation Changes and Their Implications in Livestock Production

Abstract

Abstract It is well known that pre- and post-natal stressors can impact livestock phenotype and performance. However, less is known about the molecular mechanisms responsible for the changes observed in individuals exposed to stress. A proposed mechanism is epigenetic modifications, such as DNA methylation (DNAm). Epigenetic marks are considered a bridge between the environment and genetics because the marks shift in response to environmental stimuli. Stress induced alterations of DNAm can result in changes in gene expression which could be the driver behind altered phenotype. “Omic” technologies have allowed the study of how DNAm patterns change in response to stressors in livestock species. Stressors such as weaning, transportation, and heat stress have altered DNAm patterns. These changes in methylation patterns have been associated with changes in immune function, growth, and behavior. Prenatal stressors have also modified DNAm patterns within the offspring, with some differences persisting later in life. These stress induced DNAm alterations can be transgenerational, potentially affecting livestock productivity and health over multiple generations. Not all alterations are negative; certain stress-induced modifications could allow animals to adapt better to stressors and changing conditions. These marks may indicate exposure of the animal to stress and the possible long-term effects on productivity. There is potential for using methylation patterns as a noninvasive way to monitor stress levels and assess animal welfare. Understanding how the methylome responds to stressors and how it contributes to performance will be beneficial for future selection decisions. More research is needed to identify management practices that might mitigate the negative impacts of stress induced DNAm changes and how the industry can take advantage of the role DNAm has in adapting to stressors and new environments. The epigenome will likely play a critical role in the livestock industry's future as the climate shifts and consumer demands focus more on animal welfare.