Abstract
Full-thickness skin equivalent(SE) is widely used to assess the safety of chemicals. However, a lack of important components, such as vascular and neuro-immune systems, prevents the use of such models in acute toxicity, repeated dose toxicity, and reproductive developmental toxicity tests. Several approaches to fabricate vascularized SE have been published. However, each of them had its limitations. Some models did not contain vascular-like channels but instead had an underlying channel, which does not allow differentiation between percutaneous penetration and absorption by vessels.
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