Abstract
This chapter explains the alloys and also the crystalline nature of metals. It also discusses the difference between ferrous and nonferrous alloys. Metals are crystalline substances. Ingots and castings involve the pouring of liquid metal into a mould; the term ingots is used if a simple block is produced for shaping with further processing, whereas with a casting no further major shaping is required. A casting is generally not completely chemically homogeneous throughout. A molten metal can contain insoluble impurities, such as slag and dross. The term grain is used to describe the crystals within the metal. A grain is merely a crystal without its geometrical shape and flat faces because its growth was impeded by contact with other crystals. Within a grain the arrangement of particles is just as regular and repetitive as within a crystal with smooth faces.
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