Abstract
There are many collections of failure rate data compiled by defense, telecommunications, process industries, oil and gas, and other organizations. Failure data are usually taken to refer to random failures (that is, constant failure rates), unless otherwise specified. It is important to read all covering notes carefully because, for a given temperature and environment, a stated component may exhibit a wide range of failure rates despite the same description. One of the reasons is that some failure rate data include items replaced during preventive maintenance, whereas others do not. These items should, ideally, be excluded from the data but, in practice, it is not always possible to identify them. This can affect rates by an order of magnitude. Failure rates are affected by the tolerance of a design, which causes a variation in the values. Because definitions of failure vary, a given parametric drift may be included in one database as a failure, but ignored in another.
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