Abstract
This chapter explores the sources of EU fundamental rights. Fundamental rights constitutionally limit the exercise of all European Union competences—including its legislative competences. Three sources of European fundamental rights have been developed: an ‘unwritten’ bill of rights in the form of general principles of European law; the European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR); and the EU Charter of Fundamental Rights. The chapter investigates these three bills of rights of the EU, beginning with the discovery of an ‘unwritten’ bill of rights in the form of general principles of European law. Following this, the chapter analyses the EU’s ‘written’ bill of rights in the form of its Charter of Fundamental Rights and then explores the ECHR as an external bill of rights for the EU. It finally explores the extent to which EU fundamental rights also apply to the Member States.
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