Abstract

4. Continuous synthesis of gold nanoparticles in micro- and millifluidic systems

Highlights

  • 4.1.1 Applications of gold nanoparticlesGold nanomaterials have been a topic of intense investigation in the last few decades owing to their unique optical, chemical, biological and catalytic properties

  • Unlike many chemical synthesis processes that only benefit from the improved residence time distribution (RTD), mixing efficiency, heat transfer and control afforded by milli- and microfluidic devices, the synthesis of particles in flow systems is much more complex due to the potential for reactor surface interactions

  • 4.4.2.2 Reactor fouling/interfacial absorption Fouling often creates complications in milli- and microfluidic flow systems used for synthesizing particles

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Summary

Applications of gold nanoparticles

Gold nanomaterials have been a topic of intense investigation in the last few decades owing to their unique optical, chemical, biological and catalytic properties This is due to some attractive physical characteristics, which are determined by physical parameters such as particle size, morphology, surface, crystallinity and composition. If analyte molecules bind to Au NPs either directly or via some linker ligands, the local refractive index changes and the plasmon absorption shifts to longer wavelengths The former results in colour change, which makes NPs attractive for colorimetric sensors, while the latter can be detected both by LSPR extinction or the angle of reflected light and are exploited in other plasmonic sensors [5, 10]. In addition to the above optical properties, Au NPs demonstrate catalytic properties, which can be tuned by particle size, surface functionality and intraparticle separation Such properties are exploited in various electrochemical and electrocatalytic sensors. Selectivity to desired products can increase or decrease with nanoparticle size, depending on the particular reaction [37, 38]

Continuous synthesis of gold NPs
Requirements for quality-by-design synthesis design and optimize these reactors
Characterization and kinetics of nanoparticle synthesis
Mathematical modelling of nanoparticle synthesis
Microfluidic reactors
Objective lens
Millifluidic reactors
Microfluidic reactors Segmented (also
Droplet formation
A general overview of nanoparticle synthesis process development
Design of Experiments
Challenges and solutions of micro/millifluidic processes
Reactor design – residence time distribution
Reactor fouling/interfacial absorption
Multiphasic reaction systems
Downstream processing
Summary of main design rules for continuous flow NP reactor design
Critical safety considerations
Conclusions and future perspective
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