Abstract
Three-dimensional (3D) whole heart techniques form a cornerstone in cardiovascular magnetic resonance imaging of congenital heart disease (CHD). It offers significant advantages over other CHD imaging modalities and techniques: no ionizing radiation; ability to be run free-breathing; ECG-gated dual-phase imaging for accurate measurements and tissue properties estimation; and higher signal-to-noise ratio and isotropic voxel resolution for multiplanar reformatting assessment. However, there are limitations, such as potentially long acquisition times with image quality degradation. Recent advances in and current applications of 3D whole heart imaging in CHD are detailed, as well as future directions.
Highlights
The three-dimensional (3D) whole heart approach with respiratory navigator gating and ECG triggering has been developed to enable coronary imaging (1)
ECG-gated respiratory-navigated 3D whole heart MRI has opened the door for isotropic submillimeter coronary imaging
radiation-free approach is well established for the detection of coronary artery anomalies
Summary
The three-dimensional (3D) whole heart approach with respiratory navigator gating and ECG triggering has been developed to enable coronary imaging (1). 3D Whole Heart Imaging approved the final version; and agreed to be held responsible for all aspects of the work.
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