Abstract
We present SPIM-μPIV as a flow imaging system, capable of measuring in vivo flow information with 3D micron-scale resolution. Our system was validated using a phantom experiment consisting of a flow of beads in a 50 μm diameter FEP tube. Then, with the help of optical gating techniques, we obtained 3D + time flow fields throughout the full heartbeat in a ∼3 day old zebrafish larva using fluorescent red blood cells as tracer particles. From this we were able to recover 3D flow fields at 31 separate phases in the heartbeat. From our measurements of this specimen, we found the net pumped blood volume through the atrium to be 0.239 nL per beat. SPIM-μPIV enables high quality in vivo measurements of flow fields that will be valuable for studies of heart function and fluid-structure interaction in a range of small-animal models.
Highlights
In vivo blood flow mapping within the heart in 3D is of significant interest in cardiac development studies [2], since 3D blood flow information is essential for accurate wall shear stress (WSS) estimation and fluid-structure interaction (FSI) modelling
To avoid the challenges of making direct measurements, some groups have opted for estimation of WSS by using computational fluid dynamics (CFD) modelling with wall motion information [3], but experimental flow measurements have a vital role to play in validation of models, as well as offering a much more direct means to make reliable flow measurements directly in situ
We investigated the amount of out-of-plane motion (OOPM) that still allows the in-plane motion components to be measured to within an acceptable level of error, when using our selective plane illumination microscopy (SPIM)-μPIV system in conjunction with correlation averaging
Summary
In vivo blood flow mapping within the heart in 3D is of significant interest in cardiac development studies [2], since 3D blood flow information ( near the walls) is essential for accurate wall shear stress (WSS) estimation and fluid-structure interaction (FSI) modelling. Heart geometry has previously been studied in vivo in small animal models using an array of imaging systems such as MRI and CT [4], optical coherence tomography (OCT) [5], and fluorescent imaging modalities such as confocal [6] and selective plane illumination microscopy (SPIM) [7]. The relative simplicity of the two-chamber zebrafish heart makes it an attractive target for 3D mathematical modelling of flow and structure [8], previous flow i maging work h as m ostly b een l imited t o m easuring b lood fl ow fr om images representing one single 2D projection [9,10,11]
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