Abstract
We reported on three-dimensional (3D) superparamagnetic scaffolds that enhanced the mineralization of magnetic nanoparticle-free osteoblast cells. The scaffolds were fabricated with submicronic resolution by laser direct writing via two photons polymerization of Ormocore/magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) composites and possessed complex and reproducible architectures. MNPs with a diameter of 4.9 ± 1.5 nm and saturation magnetization of 30 emu/g were added to Ormocore, in concentrations of 0, 2 and 4 mg/mL. The homogenous distribution and the concentration of the MNPs from the unpolymerized Ormocore/MNPs composite were preserved after the photopolymerization process. The MNPs in the scaffolds retained their superparamagnetic behavior. The specific magnetizations of the scaffolds with 2 and 4 mg/mL MNPs concentrations were of 14 emu/g and 17 emu/g, respectively. The MNPs reduced the shrinkage of the structures from 80.2 ± 5.3% for scaffolds without MNPs to 20.7 ± 4.7% for scaffolds with 4 mg/mL MNPs. Osteoblast cells seeded on scaffolds exposed to static magnetic field of 1.3 T deformed the regular architecture of the scaffolds and evoked faster mineralization in comparison to unstimulated samples. Scaffolds deformation and extracellular matrix mineralization under static magnetic field (SMF) exposure increased with increasing MNPs concentration. The results are discussed in the frame of gradient magnetic fields of ~3 × 10−4 T/m generated by MNPs over the cells bodies.
Highlights
Bone is the second most commonly transplanted tissue, preceded only by blood transfusion [1].The cost of osteoporotic fractures is estimated to reach 77 billion euros by 2050 [2]
To provide evidence for this experimental observation, we studied the images recorded with the CCD camera that followed in real time what happened when we irradiated with the focused laser beam the Ormocore/magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) composite having MNPs concentration above 4 mg/mL
The scaffolds were fabricated by laser direct writing via two photons polymerization (LDW via TPP) of Ormocore/MNPs composites
Summary
The cost of osteoporotic fractures is estimated to reach 77 billion euros by 2050 [2]. Within this context, it is imperative to achieve the functional and structural restoration of damaged bone tissue [3,4,5]. A major difficulty in bone tissue engineering arises from the fact that the bone regeneration process requires a long time for achieving a completely functional tissue [6]. Cells are seeded ex vivo into a three-dimensional (3D) biocompatible and sometimes biodegradable structure called scaffold, where they attach and grow. After the implantation into the injured site, the scaffolds should allow proper host cell colonization for regeneration purposes [7,8,9,10]
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