Abstract
Rapid and widespread declines in coral health and abundance have driven increased investments in coral reef restoration interventions to jumpstart population recovery. Microfragmentation, an asexual propagation technique, is used to produce large numbers of corals for research and restoration. As part of resilience-based restoration, coral microfragments of different genotypes and species are exposed to various stressors to identify candidates for propagation. Growth rate is one of several important fitness-related traits commonly used in candidate selection, and being able to rapidly and accurately quantify growth rates of different genotypes is ideal for high-throughput stress tests. Additionally, it is crucial, as coral restoration becomes more commonplace, to establish practical guidelines and standardized methods of data collection that can be used across independent groups. Herein, we developed a streamlined workflow for growth rate quantification of live microfragmented corals using a structured-light 3D scanner to assess surface area (SA) measurements of live tissue over time. We then compared novel 3D and traditional 2D approaches to quantifying microfragment growth rates and assessed factors such as accuracy and speed. Compared to a more conventional 2D approach based on photography and ImageJ analysis, the 3D approach had comparable reliability, greater accuracy regarding absolute SA quantification, high repeatability, and low variability between scans. However, the 2D approach accurately measured growth and proved to be faster and cheaper, factors not trivial when attempting to upscale for restoration efforts. Nevertheless, the 3D approach has greater capacity for standardization across dissimilar studies, making it a better tool for restoration practitioners striving for consistent and comparable data across users, as well as for those conducting networked experiments, meta-analyses, and syntheses. Furthermore, 3D scanning has the capacity to provide more accurate surface area (SA) measurements for rugose, mounding, or complex colony shapes. This is the first protocol developed for using structured-light 3D scanning as a tool to measure growth rates of live microfragments. While each method has its advantages and disadvantages, disadvantages to a 3D approach based on speed and cost may diminish with time as interest and usage increase. As a resource for coral restoration practitioners and researchers, we provide a detailed 3D scanning protocol herein and discuss its potential limitations, applications, and future directions.
Highlights
Coral reefs worldwide have suffered severe declines in cover and health as a result of negative anthropogenic impacts
The time ∗ measurement type interaction had no significant effect on coral area (p = 0.208, Figure 2), indicating that the significant effect of measurement type on coral area is consistent across time points
The present study demonstrates that 3D scanning is a reliable method to obtain accurate measurements of absolute surface area (SA) of coral microfragments when compared to 2D photography, and that 2D photography underestimates absolute SA of microfragments
Summary
Coral reefs worldwide have suffered severe declines in cover and health as a result of negative anthropogenic impacts. Microfragmentation, an asexual coral propagation technique with roots in the aquarium industry, has over recent decades been adopted and modified by coral restoration scientists to produce large numbers of corals for outplanting onto degraded reefs (Forsman et al, 2015; Page et al, 2018), thereby rapidly increasing live coral cover. Microfragmentation can be applied to any scleractinian coral species, but is especially effective for slow-growing massive or mounding species (e.g., brain and boulder corals) with adult colonies that do not tend to naturally fragment This strategy has shown to reduce the time to the onset of sexual maturity and first reproduction by producing puberty-sized colonies in a matter of years instead of decades (Koch et al, 2021). This technique is being widely used by coral reef restoration practitioners for coral propagation (Boström-Einarsson et al, 2020)
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