Abstract
Neural stem cells (NSCs) are important constituents of the nervous system, and they become constrained in two specific regions during adulthood: the subventricular zone (SVZ) and the subgranular zone (SGZ) of the dentate gyrus in the hippocampus. The SVZ niche is a limited-space zone where NSCs are situated and comprised of growth factors and extracellular matrix (ECM) components that shape the microenvironment of the niche. The interaction between ECM components and NSCs regulates the equilibrium between self-renewal and differentiation. To comprehend the niche physiology and how it controls NSC behavior, it is fundamental to develop in vitro models that resemble adequately the physiologic conditions present in the neural stem cell niche. These models can be developed from a variety of biomaterials, along with different biofabrication approaches that permit the organization of neural cells into tissue-like structures. This review intends to update the most recent information regarding the SVZ niche physiology and the diverse biofabrication approaches that have been used to develop suitable microenvironments ex vivo that mimic the NSC niche physiology.
Highlights
Adult Stem Cell Niche Development and MaturationRodent’s mammalian cortex neurogenesis begins with the generation of neuroepithelial stem cells (NESCs)
The subgranular zone (SGZ), on the other hand, is the region where new hippocampal neurons are generated, a process which is thought to play a critical role in memory consolidation (Butti et al, 2014)
A strong adhesion between ependymal and B1 cells is secured, allowing Neural stem cells (NSCs) to contact both the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and the interstitially located blood vessels (Mirzadeh et al, 2008). This strong adhesion between cells allows the process of neurogenesis to be influenced by adhesion-mediated and paracrine signaling, which has been analytically reviewed by Harkins et al (2021)
Summary
Rodent’s mammalian cortex neurogenesis begins with the generation of neuroepithelial stem cells (NESCs) This process is conversed between mammals and humans in the in the subventricular zone (SVZ) (Ernst and Frisén, 2015). NESCs undergo symmetric divisions in order to generate a pool of radial glial cells (RGCs) that will later generate nascent projection neurons (Cadwell et al, 2019). These neurons will migrate from the ventricular zone to the cortical plate, where the earliest neurons form the preplate, which is split into the marginal zone and subplate regions (Molnár et al, 2019). The SGZ, on the other hand, is the region where new hippocampal neurons are generated, a process which is thought to play a critical role in memory consolidation (Butti et al, 2014)
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