Abstract
Modeling and analyzing the sports equipment for injury prevention, reduction in cost, and performance enhancement have gained considerable attention in the sports engineering community. In this regard, the structure study of on-water sports board (surfboard, kiteboard, and skimboard) is vital due to its close relation with environmental and human health as well as performance and safety of the board. The aim of this paper is to advance the on-water sports board through various bio-inspired core structure designs such as honeycomb, spiderweb, pinecone, and carbon atom configuration fabricated by three-dimensional (3D) printing technology. Fused deposition modeling was employed to fabricate complex structures from polylactic acid (PLA) materials. A 3D-printed sample board with a uniform honeycomb structure was designed, 3D printed, and tested under three-point bending conditions. A geometrically linear analytical method was developed for the honeycomb core structure using the energy method and considering the equivalent section for honeycombs. A geometrically non-linear finite element method based on the ABAQUS software was also employed to simulate the boards with various core designs. Experiments were conducted to verify the analytical and numerical results. After validation, various patterns were simulated, and it was found that bio-inspired functionally graded honeycomb structure had the best bending performance. Due to the absence of similar designs and results in the literature, this paper is expected to advance the state of the art of on-water sports boards and provide designers with structures that could enhance the performance of sports equipment.
Highlights
Mechanical design and modeling are the most recent methods for tackling technical concerns in the field of sports science and could have various benefits such as injury prevention, reduction of the cost of manufacturing, minimization of the weight, and enhancement of the performance of the equipment
It can be seen that the geometrically non-linear finite element method (FEM) model can predict the non-linear experimental curve better, while the geometrically linear analytical method is unable to do so
The preliminary conclusion drawn from this figure is the fact that the Functionally graded (FG) honeycomb structure and fully filled board can tolerate maximum and minimum forces, respectively, while the rest of the patterns experienced an intermediate force
Summary
Mechanical design and modeling are the most recent methods for tackling technical concerns in the field of sports science and could have various benefits such as injury prevention, reduction of the cost of manufacturing, minimization of the weight, and enhancement of the performance of the equipment. Caravaggi et al [1] developed and tested a novel cervical spine protection device to keep the athlete’s neck in its safe physiological range. Shimoyama et al [2] employed a finite element method (FEM) to optimize the design of the sports shoe sole, followed by lightening the sole weight. Polymers 2020, 12, 250 protection, Mosleh et al [4] employed an FEM to investigate the structural parameters of a bicycle helmet, aiming to improve the performance of composite foam in reducing rotational velocity and acceleration during indirect impact. Gudimetla et al [5] exploited computational fluid dynamics (CFD)
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