3D Printing of PLA-Based Materials

Abstract

3D printing is triggering increasing attention at the industrial level thanks to the possibility of obtaining complex parts in a cost-effective way. 3D printing technologies can be used for a wide range of applications, such as prototypes, functional components, and scaffolds. Nowadays, transportation fields are introducing several 3D printing technologies in their production lines. One of the mostly used materials is poly(lactic acid) (PLA), which is approved by the Food and Drug Administration for food contact and the production of biomedical devices. This review explores the uses of polylactic acid (PLA) in 3D printing, focusing on its benefits, enhancement techniques, and wide range of applications. The main properties of PLA, which make it the top material for 3D printing, are discussed. The main strategies to overcome PLA's limitations such as brittleness and limited thermal stability, are discussed, including blending with other biodegradable polymers, adding fillers, and using recycled PLA. The different 3D printing methods suitable for PLA, with a particular focus on Powder Bed Fusion and Material Extrusion (commonly known as Fused Deposition Modeling or FDM) are highlighted, for their capability to produce complex and functional parts in a cost-effective manner. A comprehensive overview of PLA applications is provided, spanning multiple fields such as biomedical (e.g., implants and scaffolds), packaging, electronics, and environmental remediation.