3D Printing of Hybrid Solid–Liquid Structures

Abstract

Abstract3D printing (3DP) is a versatile technology for creating objects with custom geometries and compositions, which is increasingly employed for fabricating hybrid solid–liquid composites (SLCs). These composites, comprising solid matrices with integrated liquid components, showcase unique properties like enhanced flexibility, and improved thermal and electrical conductivities. This review focuses on methods to fabricate SLCs directly by different 3DP techniques, e.g., without needing to backfill or impregnate a porous matrix. The techniques of extrusion, vat photopolymerization (VP), and material jetting combined with microfluidics, inkjet printing, vacuum filling, and ultraviolet light curing to produce SLCs are emphasized. We also discuss the development of feedstocks, focusing on emulsions and polymer‐capsule as fillers, and analyze current literature to highlight their significance. The review culminates in a perspective on new directions, highlighting the potential of bicontinuous interfacially jammed emulsion gels (bijels) to facilitate the printing of continuous liquid pathways, alongside the importance of understanding ink formulation and stability. Concluding with future perspectives, we underline the transformative impact of 3D printed SLCs in diverse applications, signaling a significant advancement in the field.This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.