3D printing of dynamic covalent polymer network with on-demand geometric and mechanical reprogrammability

Abstract

Delicate geometries and suitable mechanical properties are essential for device applications of polymer materials. 3D printing offers unprecedented versatility, but the geometries and mechanical properties are typically fixed after printing. Here, we report a 3D photo-printable dynamic covalent network that can undergo two independently controllable bond exchange reactions, allowing reprogramming the geometry and mechanical properties after printing. Specifically, the network is designed to contain hindered urea bonds and pendant hydroxyl groups. The homolytic exchange between hindered urea bonds allows reconfiguring the printed shape without affecting the network topology and mechanical properties. Under different conditions, the hindered urea bonds are transformed into urethane bonds via exchange reactions with hydroxyl groups, which permits tailoring of the mechanical properties. The freedom to reprogram the shape and properties in an on-demand fashion offers the opportunity to produce multiple 3D printed products from one single printing step.