Abstract
3D printing, a technology that allows the layer-by-layer construction of complex 3D structures from a range of precursor materials, has shown promising applicability in construction and in the automotive, aerospace, defense, biomedicine, and consumer electronics industries. A key concern, however, is the health effects and safety problems due to its emission of fine particles (PM2.5, particles with aerodynamic diameters of <2.5 μm) and volatile organic compounds (VOCs). Understanding the characteristics and relevant toxicological effects of 3D printing-emitted PM2.5 and VOCs is important for its health risk assessment and safe application. Here, we thoroughly review the emission levels of PM2.5 and VOCs in workplaces, the simulation tests of laboratory environment, and the in vitro and in vivo evaluation of 3D printing-emitted PM2.5 and VOCs. Meanwhile, standard protocols are recommended in the assessment of hazard risks of 3D printers to obtain better comparability of the results. Some safety guidance for 3D printer users is also provided. Finally, we point out the current research gaps and discuss the challenges encountered in this field. This review will be beneficial for the understanding of the health risks of emitted PM2.5 and VOCs from 3D printing for the development of safer 3D printing technologies.
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