3D Printing for Hip Implant Applications: A Review.

Obinna Okolie,Balasubramanian Kandasubramanian,James Njuguna,Iwona Stachurek

doi:10.3390/polym12112682

Abstract

There is a rising demand for replacement, regeneration of tissues and organ repairs for patients who suffer from diseased/damaged bones or tissues such as hip pains. The hip replacement treatment relies on the implant, which may not always meet the requirements due to mechanical and biocompatibility issues which in turn may aggravate the pain. To surpass these limitations, researchers are investigating the use of scaffolds as another approach for implants. Three-dimensional (3D) printing offers significant potential as an efficient fabrication technique on personalized organs as it is capable of biomimicking the intricate designs found in nature. In this review, the determining factors for hip replacement and the different fabrication techniques such as direct 3D printing, Fused Deposition Modelling (FDM), Selective Laser Sintering (SLS) and stereolithography (SLA) for hip replacement. The study also covers surface modifications of 3D printed implants and provides an overview on 3D tissue regeneration. To appreciate the current conventional hip replacement practices, the conventional metallic and ceramic materials are covered, highlighting their rationale as the material of choice. Next, the challenges, ethics and trends in the implants’ 3D printing are covered and conclusions drawn. The outlook and challenges are also presented here. The knowledge from this review indicates that 3D printing has enormous potential for providing a pathway for a sustainable hip replacement.

Highlights

The number of people globally experiencing pains from organ failure or dysfunction from a devastating tissue is on the rise, and this usually affects children and the ageing population.Traumas or illnesses, which include strokes, joint degeneration and heart attacks, can adversely reduce the life quality of the victims and lead to the significant damage of the tissues where new medications are incapable of efficient healing [1].The hip joint comprises two bones which are the femur and pelvis as illustrated in Polymers 2020, 12, 2682; doi:10.3390/polym12112682 www.mdpi.com/journal/polymersPolymers 2020, 12, x FOR PEER REVIEW [2]
Slices derived from 3D structures, [72] used projection stereolithography (PSL) to process collagen-bond gelation methacrylate (GelMa) hydrogels besides with methacrylamide which enhances photopolymerization of the hydrogel. It was finalized for the different GelMa hydrogel structure that were created with accurate control pore sizes to aid tissue adhesion and growth in the human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) which confirms its potency in tissue engineering
The current qualification project of National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) is on the methods, metrology and measurements needed for developing a significant understanding of the mechanical performance, qualify 3D printed components and create an efficient post-process measurement [145]

Summary

Introduction

The number of people globally experiencing pains from organ failure or dysfunction from a devastating tissue is on the rise, and this usually affects children and the ageing population. Revision hip could arthroplasty could population with joint with degeneration illness [6,7].illness hip arthroplasty be considered be considered when the implant failsreasons due to such several reasons such as the aseptic when the implant fails due to several as the aseptic loosening (51.9%),loosening instability (51.9%),. Hip surgery surgeryinvolves involveship hipreplacement replacement and alternative surgical option arthritis. When treatments and medications applied do notdo nipnot thenip hipthe pains a suitable thislevel, surgery reposting the treatments and medications applied hiptopains to a level, suitable thisfor surgery for or replacement of the hip joint may be the solution. SevereSevere hip deformities presentpresent a huge challenge for the MDT that requires selection from the treatment.

Projection

Selective

Surface Modifications of 3D Printed Implants

Findings

Conclusions