Abstract
In recent times, the issue of plastic recycling has become one of the leading issues of environmental protection and waste management. Polymer materials have been found an application in many areas of daily life and industry. Along with their extended use, the problem of plastic wastes appeared because, after withdrawal from use, they became persistent and noxious wastes. The possibility of reusing polymeric materials gives a possibility of valorization—a second life—and enables effective waste utilization to obtain consumable products. The 3D printing market is a well-growing sector. Printable filaments can be made from a variety of thermoplastic materials, including those from recycling. This paper focuses on a review of the available literature on the production of filaments for 3D printers from recycled polymers as the alternative to present approach of central selective collection of plastics. The possibility of recycling of basic thermoplastic materials and the impact of processing on their physicochemical and mechanical properties were verified (Lanzotti et al. 2019). In addition, commercially available filaments produced from recycled materials and devices which allow self-production of filaments to 3D printing from plastic waste were reviewed.
Highlights
Circular economy (CE) concept is a response to environmental and social problems, being a replacement for the previously used linear concept based on the “take–make–dispose” model.Environ Sci Pollut Res (2021) 28:12321–12333Population growth, intensive use of resources, and uncontrolled environmental pollution forced the implementation of another economic closed-loop system, based on the principles of 3Rs: Reduce, Reuse, and Recycle
The analysis shows no economic benefits from the recycling of materials, and the cost of the recycled product depends on the market price of the originally manufactured filament (Hopewell et al 2009)
Through thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), changes in mass of a heated sample at a constant rate are monitored. This technique allows to determine the initial degradation temperature and to determine the thermal stability of the volatile components fractions of the tested polymer (Cao et al 2004; Wojtyła et al 2017) Thermal degradation studies were carried out on acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS), polylactic acid (PLA), polyethylene terephthalate (PET) and nylon, which are commonly used in commercial filaments in 3D printers
Summary
Circular economy (CE) concept is a response to environmental and social problems, being a replacement for the previously used linear concept based on the “take–make–dispose” model. Those materials have tendency to reduce their properties during printing processes (Stoof and Pickering 2018) Another attempt of enhancing quality of recycling polymers was based on the idea of incorporating nano-crystalline powders Fe, Si, Cr, and Al into PP and HDPE filament extrusion. Through thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), changes in mass of a heated sample at a constant rate are monitored This technique allows to determine the initial degradation temperature and to determine the thermal stability of the volatile components fractions of the tested polymer (Cao et al 2004; Wojtyła et al 2017) Thermal degradation studies were carried out on acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS), polylactic acid (PLA), polyethylene terephthalate (PET) and nylon, which are commonly used in commercial filaments in 3D printers. Recycling plastic waste has a great potential and benefits, but requires investment and consumer knowledge
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