Abstract
There is a growing interest in developing 3D porous scaffolds with tunable architectures for bone tissue engineering. Surface topography has been shown to control stem cell behavior including differentiation. In this study, we printed 3D porous scaffolds with wavy or linear patterns to investigate the effect of wavy scaffold architecture on human mesenchymal stem cell (hMSC) osteogenesis. Five distinct wavy scaffolds were designed using sinusoidal waveforms with varying wavelengths and amplitudes, and orthogonal scaffolds were designed using linear patterns. We found that hMSCs attached to wavy patterns, spread by taking the shape of the curvatures presented by the wavy patterns, exhibited an elongated shape and mature focal adhesion points, and differentiated into the osteogenic lineage. When compared to orthogonal scaffolds, hMSCs on wavy scaffolds showed significantly enhanced osteogenesis, indicated by higher calcium deposition, alkaline phosphatase activity, and osteocalcin staining. This study aids in the development of 3D scaffolds with novel architectures to direct stem osteogenesis for bone tissue engineering.
Highlights
There is a growing interest in developing porous scaffolds for bone tissue engineering enabling temporary mechanical support for cells to attach, migrate, and produce newly formed extracellular matrix to form functional bone tissue [1,2,3]
We developed 3D printed PCL scaffolds with wavy or linear patterns to investigate the effects of a wavy scaffold architecture on the osteogenic differentiation of human mesenchymal stem cell (hMSC)
We found that hMSCs spread by taking the shape of the curved surfaces and exhibited elongated F-actin filaments and mature focal adhesion sites
Summary
There is a growing interest in developing porous scaffolds for bone tissue engineering enabling temporary mechanical support for cells to attach, migrate, and produce newly formed extracellular matrix to form functional bone tissue [1,2,3]. A wide range of 3D printing techniques have been used to fabricate 3D bone scaffolds, such as fused deposition modeling (FDM) [29,30,31,32], direct ink writing (DIW) [33,34], selective laser sintering and melting (SLS and SLM) [35], stereolithography (SLA) [36,37,38], continuous digital light processing (cDLP) [39,40], and inkjet printing [41,42] These 3D printing technologies allow utilizing various printable materials [43] and designs [44]. Computational tools have been utilized to optimize scaffold architecture to achieve enhanced permeability and mechanical properties [45,46,47,48,49]
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