Abstract
Detecting cancer at an early stage of disease progression promises better treatment outcomes and longer lifespans for cancer survivors. Research has been directed towards the development of accessible and highly sensitive cancer diagnostic tools, many of which rely on protein biomarkers and biomarker panels which are overexpressed in body fluids and associated with different types of cancer. Protein biomarker detection for point-of-care (POC) use requires the development of sensitive, noninvasive liquid biopsy cancer diagnostics that overcome the limitations and low sensitivities associated with current dependence upon imaging and invasive biopsies. Among many endeavors to produce user-friendly, semi-automated, and sensitive protein biomarker sensors, 3D printing is rapidly becoming an important contemporary tool for achieving these goals. Supported by the widely available selection of affordable desktop 3D printers and diverse printing options, 3D printing is becoming a standard tool for developing low-cost immunosensors that can also be used to make final commercial products. In the last few years, 3D printing platforms have been used to produce complex sensor devices with high resolution, tailored towards researchers’ and clinicians’ needs and limited only by their imagination. Unlike traditional subtractive manufacturing, 3D printing, also known as additive manufacturing, has drastically reduced the time of sensor and sensor array development while offering excellent sensitivity at a fraction of the cost of conventional technologies such as photolithography. In this review, we offer a comprehensive description of 3D printing techniques commonly used to develop immunosensors, arrays, and microfluidic arrays. In addition, recent applications utilizing 3D printing in immunosensors integrated with different signal transduction strategies are described. These applications include electrochemical, chemiluminescent (CL), and electrochemiluminescent (ECL) 3D-printed immunosensors. Finally, we discuss current challenges and limitations associated with available 3D printing technology and future directions of this field.
Highlights
Cancer is one of the leading causes of death worldwide
Tumor needs be located mammography pathological examination tissue Because biopsies the Because thetotumor needs first to be with these techniques, in the majority of cancer cases, cancers will only be found as patients startas located first with these techniques, in the majority of cancer cases, cancers will only be found topatients show symptoms, where treatment options become limitedbecome and health is already in jeopardy start to show symptoms, where treatment options limited and health is already in Providing early diagnosis and effective screening for different cancers are major challenges to improve jeopardy [5]
Severalanalytical analyticalstrategies strategieshave havebeen beenadapted adaptedfor fordevelopment developmentofofultrasensitive ultrasensitivedetection detectionofof protein biomarkers associated with different types of cancer
Summary
Cancer is one of the leading causes of death worldwide. Globally, it was responsible for approximately 9.6 million deaths in 2018 [1]. Tumor needs be located mammography pathological examination tissue Because biopsies the [2,3,4]. Start to show symptoms, where treatment options limited and health is already in Providing early diagnosis and effective screening for different cancers are major challenges to improve jeopardy [5]. Providing early diagnosis and effective screening for different cancers are major life expectancy and treatment outcomesand [6]. Protein biomarkers provide an opportunity to assess risk of cancer tumor to be located. Protein biomarkers provide an opportunity to assess risk of cancer development development to detect cancer at stage very early stage where treatment interventions most effective [9].
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