Abstract
The importance of ensuring the adequacy of urban ecosystem services and green infrastructure has been widely highlighted in multidisciplinary research. Meanwhile, the consolidation of cities has been a dominant trend in urban development and has led to the development and implementation of the green factor tool in cities such as Berlin, Melbourne, and Helsinki. In this study, elements of the green factor tool were monitored with laser-scanned and photogrammetrically derived point cloud datasets encompassing a yard in Espoo, Finland. The results show that with the support of 3D point clouds, it is possible to support the monitoring of the local green infrastructure, including elements of smaller size in green areas and yards. However, point clouds generated by distinct means have differing abilities in conveying information on green elements, and canopy covers, for example, might hinder these abilities. Additionally, some green factor elements are more promising for 3D measurement-based monitoring than others, such as those with clear geometrical form. The results encourage the involvement of 3D measuring technologies for monitoring local urban green infrastructure (UGI), also of small scale.
Highlights
Ensuring the adequacy and quality of urban ecosystem services and green infrastructure has been widely highlighted in the urban land use and planning literature in recent years
Studying the environment to a high level of detail with photogrammetry and laser scanning is a well-established research practice, apart from trees, it is currently less applied in estimations, such as the green factor, including single urban green elements
Terrestrial laser scanning, mobile laser scanning, and UAV photogrammetry were applied for 3D-mapping a yard environment in high detail
Summary
Ensuring the adequacy and quality of urban ecosystem services and green infrastructure has been widely highlighted in the urban land use and planning literature in recent years. Urban green infrastructure (UGI) has become a central concept in land-use planning and policy [2]. It refers to, or is managed for, both natural and artificial elements of nature that are designed to provide ecosystem services [3]. Observation of and movement in nature have been shown to play a part in housing desires and proven to enhance human well-being and health [6,7,8], which the global circumstances under COVID-19 continue to underline [9,10,11] This poses a challenge for the densification of cities and puts pressure on preserving and promoting the natural environment as much as possible in densely populated areas. Recent studies on urban greening have pointed out the environmental justice and importance of small-scale solutions, as they enable access to nature in cities more widely than large-scale and more concentrated urban green projects, while most likely being easier to implement [12,13]
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