Abstract
The self-assembling is a spontaneous progression through which objects of nanophase/molecules materialize into prepared collections. Several biomolecules can interact and assemble into highly structured supramolecular structures, for instance, proteins and peptides, with fibrous scaffolds, helical ribbons, and many other functionalities. Various self-assembly systems have been established, from copolymers in blocks to three-dimensional (3D) cell culture scaffolds. Another advantage of self-assembly is its ability to manage a large variety of materials, including metals, oxides, inorganic salts, polymers, semiconductors, and various organic semiconductors. The most basic self-assembly of 3D nanomaterials is three primary forms of nanostructured carbon-based materials that perform a critical role in the progress of modern nanotechnologies, such as carbon nanotubes (CNTs), graphene, and fullerene. This review summarized important information on the 3D self-assembly nanostructure, such as peptide hydrogel, graphene, carbon nanotubes (CNTs), and fullerene for application in gene delivery, cancer therapy, and tissue engineering.
Highlights
Nanostructure materials are those materials which have their dimensionality in the range of nanometers [1, 2]
One form of peptide amphiphiles has been investigated to produce nanofibers for bone tissue engineering via a pH-induced selfassembly process [44]. These peptide amphiphiles contain several main structural features, including long hydrophobic alkyl tails that accumulate in aqueous solution to drive self-assembly, four consecutive cysteine residues forming disulfide bonds to polymerize self-assembled structures, a bonding region of three glycine residues to provide flexibility for the hydrophilic head group, a single phosphorylated serine residue that strongly interacts with calcium ions to improve mineralization, and an Arg-Gly-Asp peptide ligand to enhance cell adhesion [37] (Figure 4(b))
The findings showed that the dynamics would raise the mechanical strength of the scaffold by 1.5 wt. percent of Graphene oxide (GO) and provide a good cell adhesion and propagation substratum
Summary
Nanostructure materials are those materials which have their dimensionality in the range of nanometers [1, 2]. One form of peptide amphiphiles has been investigated to produce nanofibers for bone tissue engineering via a pH-induced selfassembly process [44] These peptide amphiphiles contain several main structural features, including long hydrophobic alkyl tails that accumulate in aqueous solution to drive self-assembly, four consecutive cysteine residues forming disulfide bonds to polymerize self-assembled structures, a bonding region of three glycine residues to provide flexibility for the hydrophilic head group, a single phosphorylated serine residue that strongly interacts with calcium ions to improve mineralization, and an Arg-Gly-Asp peptide ligand to enhance cell adhesion [37] (Figure 4(b)). Due to its exceptional biocompatibility, carbon nanotubes/nanofibers (CNTs/CNFs) are seen as potential candidates for
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