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Abstract
Geological 3D modeling delivers essential information on the distribution of enrichment zones and structures in (complex) mineral deposits and fosters a better guidance to subsequent exploration stages. The Paleoproterozoic Epembe carbonatite complex showcases the close relation between enrichment of specific elements (Nb, Ta, P, Total Rare Earth Element (TREE) + Y) and shear zones by structural modeling combined with geochemical interpolation. Three-dimensional fault surfaces based on structural field observations, geological maps, cross-sections, and drillhole data are visualized. The model shows a complex, dextral transpressive fault system. Three-dimensional interpolation of geochemical data demonstrates enrichment of Nb, Ta, P, and TREE + Y in small, isolated, lens-shaped, high-grade zones in close spatial distance to faults. Based on various indicators (e.g., oscillating variograms, monazite rims around the apatite) and field evidence, we see evidence for enrichment during hydrothermal (re-)mobilization rather than due to magmatic differentiation related to the formation of the alkaline system. This is further supported by geostatistical analysis of the three-dimensional distribution of Nb, Ta, P, and Light Rare Earth Elements (LREE) with respect to discrete shear zones.
Highlights
The economic interest in Rare Earth Elements (REEs), niobium (Nb), and tantalum (Ta) has increased due to technological progress
Intense shearing was mainly associated with zones of high strain close to lithological contacts within the carbonatite and between carbonatite and fenite
Sector B represents an NW-SE-orientated, sub-vertical fault system modeled by ten separate faults
Summary
The economic interest in Rare Earth Elements (REEs), niobium (Nb), and tantalum (Ta) has increased due to technological progress. All 18 elements (La-Lu, Y, Nb, Ta) are included in the recently-published Critical Rare Materials list for the EU [1]. Due to low rates of recycling, substitution, and the dominant production position of China since the mid-1980s [2,3], a renewed focus on the exploration of Nb-Ta-REE deposits is needed. Companies and nations have started exploration for critical metal deposits around the world to overcome these supply risks, e.g., the Lofdal Farm Heavy Rare Earth project in Namibia, the Norra Kärr REE project in Sweden, or the recently-opened Browns Range Heavy Rare Earth mine in Australia
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