Abstract
Electromagnetic levitation (EML) enables the handling of samples in a containerless manner, facilitating more precise measurements or manipulation of materials. Currently, EML coil design is based on two-dimensional (2D) mathematical models combined with empirical data and experience. We propose that employing a truly 3D model enables a more accurate and rational coil design. This approach shows significant differences in magnetic field, and the resulting lift and heating properties, when comparing a 2D and a 3D coil. A 3D coil, resembling the geometry of a 2D coil, requires more current to generate the same lift. Reversing the situation, a 3D coil producing the exact same magnetic field as a 2D coil has a vastly different design. Furthermore, we show that the assumption that the magnetic field is homogeneous in the axial plane within the sample volume is invalid, even for small samples, in the upper and lower regions of the coil. Using a 3D model, we design a coil capable of levitating and melting an iridium sphere with a diameter of 6 mm.
Highlights
Electromagnetic levitation (EML) enables the handling of electrically conductive samples in a containerless manner
In our proposed 3D model, the coil is not modeled as a set of rings, but as a continuous tube composed of line segment, see Fig. 1.2 & 1.3
An often made assumption in the classic model is that the magnetic field is homogeneous in the xy-plane within the sample volume [2], when the radius of the sample is smaller than half the radius of the coil [5]
Summary
Electromagnetic levitation (EML) enables the handling of electrically conductive samples in a containerless manner. In the 1950s, the first mathematical models for an EML system used a simplified axisymmetric system where the coil and sample are replaced by concentric rings, see Fig. 1.1. In these models, the magnetic field is calculated analytically using the Biot-Savart law. Examples include electromagnetic-thermal coupled simulations [4] or calculating the dynamic shape of a sample in its liquid state [7], while considering sample oscillations [8] or the influence of the Marangoni effect [9] Most of these improvements have been made on the sample-side of mathematical modeling, whereas the coil-side has essentially remained unchanged. We show that it is possible to levitate and melt pure iridium in a coil designed using a 3D model
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