Abstract
This paper reviews the past and current trends of three-dimensional (3D) modeling and reconstruction of plants and trees. These topics have been studied in multiple research fields, including computer vision, graphics, plant phenotyping, and forestry. This paper, therefore, provides a cross-cutting review. Representations of plant shape and structure are first summarized, where every method for plant modeling and reconstruction is based on a shape/structure representation. The methods were then categorized into 1) creating non-existent plants (modeling) and 2) creating models from real-world plants (reconstruction). This paper also discusses the limitations of current methods and possible future directions.
Highlights
The structure of plant shoots is an important cue for plant phenotyping and cultivation
Appli‐ cations for plant science, breeding, and cultivation have been actively developed in the plant phenotyping (PP) field, while technical components of 3D modeling have been primarily related to the computer vision (CV) field
This paper summarized past and current trends in plant modeling and reconstruction methods, which are catego‐ rized into 1) creation of virtual plants and trees and 2) model‐ ing from real-world plants and trees
Summary
The structure of plant shoots (i.e., leaves and stems) is an important cue for plant phenotyping and cultivation. There have been tree/plant modeling methods other than the recursive/self-organizing processes One of these meth‐ ods sets up tree structures to connect the randomly distrib‐ uted points by graph optimization and manual interaction, Okura resulting in trees with irregular appearance representing some environmental effects (Xu and Mould 2012). A recent method directly infers L-systems from line drawings (Guo et al 2020a), which shows a potential of using deep learn‐ ing for the estimation of structural representations Inverse procedural modeling Another possibility of user-guided plant modeling is to provide richer cues (than sketches or silhouettes) to the modeling system, namely, to provide photographs of plants/ trees or an existing 3D model (e.g., polygon meshes or a point cloud) to infer plant/tree structures. 3D laser scanners and the LiDAR approach measure the traveling distance of emitted light via phase differences, which output 3D shapes with an absolute
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